Adam and Eve are most often shown in the Garden of Eden, where they are naked, as at left, and usually with the serpent. Eve's hair in the Garden is as at left, long and interesting. After the Fall, they wear clothes and Eve's hair is no longer so interesting (example).
Feast day:
According to Caxton, the scriptural account of Adam and Eve was "read in the church" on Septuagesima Sunday.
Sources:
The scriptural source for the creation of Adam and Eve is Genesis 2:4-25 (cached). For their fall, it is Genesis 3:1-24 (cached). The stories of Adam, Eve, and their sons are also found in a chapter of Caxton's expansion of the Golden Legend (html or pdf), though these are not in Voragine's original.
For the iconography, a key text is Romans 5:12-21 (cached), which calls Adam "the type of the one to come" -- that is, of Jesus Christ. Because of this connection, Adam is sometimes portrayed in images of the Crucifixion (example).
At left, catacombs painting from the 4th century
Other images:
Early Christian sarcophagus
Italian relief of Adam and
Eve at labor after Eden
12th-century French reliefHagiography:
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