King David's reign is traditionally dated as beginning in 1000 BC. Christian images of King David go back at least as far as the catacombs (example).
Many of the Psalms are headed "Psalm of David" and he was taken to be the composer of the entire Psalter. For this reason, his attributes are a harp and whatever signifies royalty at the time of the painting. For most of the high middle ages, that means a crown, as at left. However, in the first millenium David's kingship can be expressed by such signifiers as sitting on a throne (example) or standing under an imperial arch (example).
At left, 15th-century Italian painting
Narrative images:
The
Calling of David: 1
Samuel 16:1-13 (cached)
David and
Goliath: 1
Samuel 17:1-54 (cached)
David
Anointed King: 2
Samuel 5:1-4 (cached)*
David Anointed
King: 2
Samuel 5:1-4 (cached)* 
King
David
and Bathsheba: 2
Samuel 11:1-5 (cached)*Also see 2 Samuel 2:4 (cached)
Hagiography:
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