Chapter 11
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND NERVOUS TISSUE
I.Three overlapping functions:
A.
B.
C.
II. Organization
of the Nervous System
A.
Central
Nervous System — CNS
1.
2.
B.
Subdivisions
of PNS
1.
Sensory, or
afferent division
2.
Motor, or
efferent division
a. Motor division innervating skeletal
muscles
b. Motor division innervating smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glands —
III. Histology
of the Nervous System
A.
Two
principal cell types:
1.
2.
B.
Supporting
Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C.
Neurons
1.
Basic
characteristics
a.
b.
c.
2.
Three
functional components
a.
b.
c.
3.
Neuron Cell
body
a.
Define
perikaryon, or soma
b.
Define
Nissl bodies, or chromatophilic substance
c.
Define
microtubules and neurofibrils
d.
Define
nuclei
e.
Define
ganglia
4.
Neuronal
Processes
a.
b.
5.
Myelin
sheath and Neurilemma
a.
Define
Schwann cells
b.
Define
oligodendrocytes
c.
Define node
of Ranvier
D.
Classification
of Neurons
1.
Structural
Classification
a.
b.
c.
2.
Functional
Classification
a.
b.
c.
IV.
Neurophysiology
A.
Basic
Principles of Electricity
1.
Introduction
to Electricity
a.
Define
voltage
b.
Define
current
c.
Define
resistance
d.
Define
Ohm’s Law:
B.
Resting
Membrane Potential: The Polarized State
1.
Define
leakage channels
2.
Define
sodium/potassium pump
C.
The Synapse
1.
Most common
types of synapses
a.
b.
2.
Anatomy of
a chemical synapse
a.
b.
3.
Steps in
the information transfer across chemical synapses
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
D.
Post-synaptic
potentials
1.
Define
chemically gated ion channel
2.
Two kinds
of post-synaptic potentials
a.
b.
3.
EPSP’s are
created by ions moving the cell.
4.
IPSP’s are
created by either or ions moving
across the cell membrane.
5.
Define
depolarization
6.
Define
hyperpolarization
E.
Integration
of Synaptic events
1.
Two types
of summation
a.
2.
Define
potentiation
F.
Action
Potentials
1.
Define axon
hillock
2.
Steps in
generation of an action potential
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
Depolarization
is caused by ions moving cell.
4.
Repolarization
is caused by ions moving cell.
5.
Define
self-propagating.
6.
Define
threshold.
7.
Define
refractory period.
8.
Speed of
action potential transmission dependent on two factors.
a.
b.
V.
Neurotransmitters
A.
Three
criteria which define a neurotransmitter
1.
2.
3.
B.
Structural
Classification of Neurotransmitters
1.
Ach
2.
Biogenic
amines
a.
Catecholamines
(1)
(2)
(3)
b.
Indolamines
(1)
(2)
3.
Amino acids
4.
Peptides
C.
Classification
of Neurotransmitters According to Function
1.
Excitatory
vs. Inhibitory
2.
Direct vs.
Indirect
D.
Two types
of neurotransmitter receptors
1.
2.
VI.
Organization of Neurons
1.
Define
diverging circuit
2.
Define
converging circuit
3.
Define
reverberating circuit