Chapter 1

1. Various levels of organization in living things
2. General traits of life/unifying themes of biology
3. Scientific method

Chapter 2

1. Electron vs proton vs neutron
2. Isotope vs ion
3. Types of bonds

Chapter 3

1. Properties of water and why these are
    important for life
2. pH scale; what one ph unit represents

Chapter 4

1. Number of bonds formed by C, H, O, N, P, S
2. Recognize hydroxyl, methyl, amino, acid (carboxyl)
    groups

Chapter 5

1. Condensation vs dehydration reaction
2. Polymer vs monomer
3. Match each polymer with its monomer
4. Recognize structure of building blocks
5. Unsaturated vs saturated fatty acid
6. Levels of structure of protein; importance of primary structure

Chapter 6

1. State and understand 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
2. Endergonic vs exergonic reactions
3. Structure of ATP; how/why it is energy currency
4. Understand what enzyme is and how it works
5. Active site, substrate
6. Why enzymes are affected by environmental factors
7. Much regulation occurs by molecules changing shape

Chapter 7

1. Examine Fig 7.1 and get a feel of relative size of things
2. Types/uses of different kids of scopes
3. Organelles and their functions: nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast
    rough and smooth ER, Golgi. lysosome, microtubule, microfilament, vacuoles, cilia and flagella
4. Plant vs animal cell
5. Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells
6. Desmosomes, vs gap junctions vs plasmodesmata

Chapter 9

1. Fermentation vs respiration
2. Oxidation vs reduction
3. Purpose, starting materials, and end products of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport
4. Location within cell of each of above processes

Chapter 10

1. Overall equation of photosynthesis
2. Source of oxygen that is released
3. Color seen vs color(s) absorbed
4. Importance of chlorophyll
5. Purpose, starting materials, end products, and cell location of light dependent and light independent reactions.

Chapter 11

1. Three stages involved in signaling
2. G proteins, tyrosine kinases
3. Role of adding phosphates to proteins

Chapter 12

1. Roles of cell division
2. Stages of cell cycle
3. Be able to order pictures of various stages of cell division
4. Cancer cells vs normal cells

Chapter 35

1. Roots vs stems vs leaves
2. Importance of root hairs
3. Importance of meristems

Chapter 36

1. Driving force of water transport
2. Different roles played by root hairs and mycorrhizae
3. Importance of transpiration
4. Basic mechanism for movement in phloem

Chapter 37

1. Macro vs micronutrients
2. Various essential nutrients of plants
3. How various properties of soils affect plant growth
4. Two different important symbiotic relationships in plants

Chapter 40

1. Major kinds of animal tissues
2. How body size and shape affect interactions with environment
3. Examples of different kinds of homeostasis

Chapter 41

1. Over nourishment vs under nourishment
2. Essential vs non essential amino acids
3. Kinds of feeders
4. Function of mouth, esophagus, stomach, ms and large intestine, liver, pancreas
5. Location of site of chemical digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats
 

Chapter 42

1. Function of atria, ventricles, arteries, veins, capillaries
2. Be able to trace flow of blood through mammalian heart, starting in any chamber
3. Cause of heart murmur
4. Role of SA and AV nodes
5. Things influencing blood pressure
6. Role of lymph
7. Components of blood
8. Anatomy and function of parts of human respiratory system
9. Role of alveoli, diaphragm
10. How oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood

Chapter 43

1. First vs second vs third line of defense
2. Importance of phagocytosis
3. B vs T cells
4. Primary vs secondary immune response; why it is important
5. Different kinds o f T cells
6. Antibody structure
7. Rationale behind vaccines
8. Underlying mechanism of allergies
9. Causative agent of AIDS; cells infected and consequence of infection

Chapter 44

1. How body temperature is maintained in endotherms
2. Advantages/disadvantages of using ammonia, urea, uric acid as N waste products
3. Function unit of mammalian kidney
4. Main function of glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct

Chapter 48

1. Anatomy/function of neuron
2. How action potential is generated and maintained
3. What happens at chemical synapse
4. CNS vs peripheral nervous system
5. Sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS.
6. Function of medulla, cerebellum, cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
7. Short term vs long term memory
 

LAB PRACTICAL 2

1. Identify and know function of , stomach, liver, pancreas,,large intestine, small intestine spleen
2.  posterior vena cava, hepatic portal vein; distingusih artery and vein, chambers of sheep heart, vessel associatd with each chamber, indetify caridac muscle on slide and also intercalated disc
3. Identify lymphocyte, neutrophil erythrocyte
4. Scapula,clavicle,humerus, radius, ulna, radioluna, ilium, femur, tibia, fibual, tibiofibula, male and female pelvis, cartilage, gorun bone, Haversian canal, recognize skeletal muscle
5. Testis, oviduct, kidney, cortex, medulla and ureter of sheep kidney,; slides: ovary--follicle cells and ovum; testis--seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells
5. Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, pons
6. Bicepts, triceps, spinotrapexius, external oblique oblique
 

Objectives for Final

Contributions of Pasteur, Koch, Lister, Jenner, Fleming
Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Bacterial shapes; nomenclature (genus and species)
Kinds/uses of microscopes; resolution
simple vs differential stains
gram and acid fast stains
functions of various bacterial structures
importance of endospores
Kinds of media; oxygen and temperature requirements
stages of growth curves; estimation of doubling time
Use of standard curves to estimate concentrations
Dilutions
What a gene is and how proteins are made
Basic of recombinant DNA
mutations: frameshift/missense; Ames test
Three process of bacterial sex
Structure of viruses
Differences between animal and bacterial viruses
importance of lysogeny
Sterile vs. disinfected
Methods for sterilizing objects
Mode of action of some major antibiotics
frequency of disease
birthday of Atilla the Hun
primary and secondary host defenses
B vs T cells
Antibody structure
Classes of antibodies and their functions
Kinds of T cells
year wellnitz graduated from high school
Temporal aspects of immune response
Passive vs active immunity
Types I, II, III, IV hypersensitivity
Immunological methods
Types of organisms that cause various diseases covered in class